ALIBI1
The defendant as a part of (his/her) denial of guilt contends that (he/she) was not present
at the time and place that the crime was allegedly committed, but was somewhere else and
therefore could not possibly have committed or participated in the crime. Where a person must
be present at the scene of the crime to commit it, the burden of proving the defendant’s presence
beyond a reasonable doubt is upon the State. The defendant has neither the burden nor the duty
to show that (he/she) was elsewhere at the time and so could not have committed the offense.
You must determine, therefore, whether the State has proved each and every element of the
offense charged, including that of the defendant’s presence at the scene of the crime and (his/her)
participation in it.2
(CHARGE THE FOLLOWING PARAGRAPH ONLY WHERE APPROPRIATE:)
You have heard testimony about when (insert name of defendant or alibi witness) first
came forward with (his/her) account of what happened. I instruct you that (insert name of
defendant or alibi witness) had no obligation to provide an account at any time and there may be
many reasons for (his/her) not doing so.
[CHARGE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCE IF APPLICABLE:]
You will recall that the witness testified that ___________________________.
You may consider the evidence concerning when (he/she) came forward, and why (he/she) did
so at that time, only for the limited purpose of deciding whether it affects the credibility of
(his/her) account. You may not use the evidence to conclude that (insert name of defendant or
alibi witness) violated some obligation to come forward, because (he/she) had no duty to speak
on the subject with anyone.3
If, after a consideration of all of the evidence, including the evidence of the defendant’s
whereabouts at the time of the offense, you have a reasonable doubt as to whether (he/she)
1
Use of the pejorative word “alibi” should be avoided in the charge. See State v. Peetros, 45 N.J. 540, 553
(1965).
If the facts warrant it, defendant is entitled to the charge even in the absence of a request. State v. Searles,
82 N.J. Super. 210 (App. Div. 1964).
2
State v. Garvin, 44 N.J. 268, 272 (1965); State v. Ravenell, 43 N.J. 171, 187 (1964); State v. Driver, 38 N.J.
255, 290 (1962); State v. Mucci, 25 N.J. 423, 431 (1957).
3
State v. Silva, 131 N.J. 438, 451 (1993); State v. Brown, 118 N.J. 595, 616 & n.3 (1990).
ALIBI
PAGE 2 of 2
committed or participated in the crime, you must find the defendant not guilty. If, however, after
considering all of the evidence, you are convinced beyond a reasonable doubt of the defendant’s
presence at the scene of the crime and have concluded that the State has proved each and every
element of the offense charged in the indictment beyond a reasonable doubt, then you must find
the defendant guilty.
Friday, April 27, 2007
ADDITION OR DISMISSAL OF CHARGES Jury charge
ADDITION OR DISMISSAL OF CHARGES1
When this trial began, I told you about the charges that were contained in the
indictment. I also explained that the indictment is not evidence but merely a written
document that brings the charges before a jury so that the jury can decide whether the
defendant has been proven guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.
As the judge of the law, it is my responsibility to review those charges with the
attorneys at the end of the case to decide which charges will be submitted to you for
deliberation. Sometimes, as a matter of law, I may determine that not every charge
within the indictment should be submitted to you; at other times, as a matter of law, I
may determine that certain charges not originally within the indictment should be
submitted to you for your deliberations.
[CHARGE IF APPROPRIATE]
Here, I have ruled that the original charge[s] of
will not be submitted to you for consideration.2
[CHARGE IF APPROPRIATE]
Here, I have ruled that the charge[s] of should
be submitted to you for consideration. You are to deliberate on this charge as though it
were within the original indictment. I will explain the elements of this charge and the
charges originally contained in the indictment later in my instructions.
1
This instruction should be given after the charge conference but before summations so that the
jury may better understand closing arguments that mention added or dismissed offenses.
2
Although the law is not settled, it may be proper in some cases to grant a defendant’s request to
advise the jury that the Court has granted a Judgment of Acquittal on one or more offenses charged in the
indictment.
You should not consider my ruling as an opinion by the Court on the merits of
any of the charges that you must consider. My ruling on this charge [these charges] was
based on matters of law and should not influence your deliberations. You are not to
consider for any purpose in arriving at your verdict, the fact that the Court may have
[added] [deleted] charges for your deliberation. You must decide whether the State has
proven the guilt of the defendant on each charge submitted to you by the evidence, which
is relevant and material to that particular charge based on final instructions of the law that
I will give you after the attorneys have completed their summations.
I have told you about this ruling now, so that, if the attorneys refer to my ruling
during summations, you will understand the reference more clearly.
[PROCEED TO DEFENSE CASE OR SUMMATIONS]
When this trial began, I told you about the charges that were contained in the
indictment. I also explained that the indictment is not evidence but merely a written
document that brings the charges before a jury so that the jury can decide whether the
defendant has been proven guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.
As the judge of the law, it is my responsibility to review those charges with the
attorneys at the end of the case to decide which charges will be submitted to you for
deliberation. Sometimes, as a matter of law, I may determine that not every charge
within the indictment should be submitted to you; at other times, as a matter of law, I
may determine that certain charges not originally within the indictment should be
submitted to you for your deliberations.
[CHARGE IF APPROPRIATE]
Here, I have ruled that the original charge[s] of
will not be submitted to you for consideration.2
[CHARGE IF APPROPRIATE]
Here, I have ruled that the charge[s] of should
be submitted to you for consideration. You are to deliberate on this charge as though it
were within the original indictment. I will explain the elements of this charge and the
charges originally contained in the indictment later in my instructions.
1
This instruction should be given after the charge conference but before summations so that the
jury may better understand closing arguments that mention added or dismissed offenses.
2
Although the law is not settled, it may be proper in some cases to grant a defendant’s request to
advise the jury that the Court has granted a Judgment of Acquittal on one or more offenses charged in the
indictment.
You should not consider my ruling as an opinion by the Court on the merits of
any of the charges that you must consider. My ruling on this charge [these charges] was
based on matters of law and should not influence your deliberations. You are not to
consider for any purpose in arriving at your verdict, the fact that the Court may have
[added] [deleted] charges for your deliberation. You must decide whether the State has
proven the guilt of the defendant on each charge submitted to you by the evidence, which
is relevant and material to that particular charge based on final instructions of the law that
I will give you after the attorneys have completed their summations.
I have told you about this ruling now, so that, if the attorneys refer to my ruling
during summations, you will understand the reference more clearly.
[PROCEED TO DEFENSE CASE OR SUMMATIONS]
Circumstantial Evidence
CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE - Jury Instruction
You, as jurors, should find your facts from the evidence adduced during the trial.
Evidence may be either direct or circumstantial. Direct evidence means evidence that directly
proves a fact, without an inference, and which in itself, if true, conclusively establishes that fact.
On the other hand, circumstantial evidence means evidence that proves a fact from which an
inference of the existence of another fact may be drawn.
An inference is a deduction of fact that may logically and reasonably be drawn from
another fact or group of facts established by the evidence.
It is not necessary that facts be proved by direct evidence. They may be proved by
circumstantial evidence or by a combination of direct and circumstantial evidence. Both direct
and circumstantial evidence are acceptable as a means of proof. Indeed, in many cases,
circumstantial evidence may be more certain, satisfying and persuasive than direct evidence.
In any event, both circumstantial and direct evidence should be scrutinized and evaluated
carefully. A conviction may be based on circumstantial evidence alone or in combination with
direct evidence, provided, of course, that it convinces you of a defendant's guilt beyond a
reasonable doubt.
Conversely, if circumstantial evidence gives rise to a reasonable doubt in your minds as
to the defendant's guilt then the defendant must be found not guilty.
A simple illustration may be helpful. The following is one set of possible illustrations:
Optional Illustrations:
The problem is proving that it snowed during the night:
a) Direct Evidence: Testimony indicating that the witness observed snow falling
during the night.
b) Circumstantial Evidence: Testimony indicating that there was no snow on the
ground before the witness went to sleep, and that when he arose in the morning, it
was not snowing, but the ground was snow-covered.
The former directly goes to prove that fact that snow fell during the night; while the latter
establishes facts from which the inference that it snowed during the night can be drawn.
NOTE: For cases dealing with circumstantial evidence, see: State v. Corby, 28 N.J. 106
(1958); State v. Fiorello, 36 N.J. 80, 87-88 (1961), cert. denied 368 U.S. 967 (1962); State v.
Ray, 43 N.J. 19, 30-31 (1964); State v. Mills, 51 N.J. 277, 287 (1968) cert. denied 393 U.S. 186
(1969); State v. Franklin, 52 N.J. 386, 406 (1968); State v. Mayberry, 52 N.J. 413, 436-437
(1968), cert. denied 393 U.S. 1043, (1969); State v. Graziani, 60 N.J. Super. 1, 13-14 (App. Div.
1959), aff'd o.b. 31 N.J. 538 (1960), cert. denied 363 U.S. 830 (1960); State v. Hubbs, 70 N.J.
Super. 322, 328-329 (App. Div. 1961); State v. Papitsas, 80 N.J. Super. 420, 424 (App. Div.
1963).
You, as jurors, should find your facts from the evidence adduced during the trial.
Evidence may be either direct or circumstantial. Direct evidence means evidence that directly
proves a fact, without an inference, and which in itself, if true, conclusively establishes that fact.
On the other hand, circumstantial evidence means evidence that proves a fact from which an
inference of the existence of another fact may be drawn.
An inference is a deduction of fact that may logically and reasonably be drawn from
another fact or group of facts established by the evidence.
It is not necessary that facts be proved by direct evidence. They may be proved by
circumstantial evidence or by a combination of direct and circumstantial evidence. Both direct
and circumstantial evidence are acceptable as a means of proof. Indeed, in many cases,
circumstantial evidence may be more certain, satisfying and persuasive than direct evidence.
In any event, both circumstantial and direct evidence should be scrutinized and evaluated
carefully. A conviction may be based on circumstantial evidence alone or in combination with
direct evidence, provided, of course, that it convinces you of a defendant's guilt beyond a
reasonable doubt.
Conversely, if circumstantial evidence gives rise to a reasonable doubt in your minds as
to the defendant's guilt then the defendant must be found not guilty.
A simple illustration may be helpful. The following is one set of possible illustrations:
Optional Illustrations:
The problem is proving that it snowed during the night:
a) Direct Evidence: Testimony indicating that the witness observed snow falling
during the night.
b) Circumstantial Evidence: Testimony indicating that there was no snow on the
ground before the witness went to sleep, and that when he arose in the morning, it
was not snowing, but the ground was snow-covered.
The former directly goes to prove that fact that snow fell during the night; while the latter
establishes facts from which the inference that it snowed during the night can be drawn.
NOTE: For cases dealing with circumstantial evidence, see: State v. Corby, 28 N.J. 106
(1958); State v. Fiorello, 36 N.J. 80, 87-88 (1961), cert. denied 368 U.S. 967 (1962); State v.
Ray, 43 N.J. 19, 30-31 (1964); State v. Mills, 51 N.J. 277, 287 (1968) cert. denied 393 U.S. 186
(1969); State v. Franklin, 52 N.J. 386, 406 (1968); State v. Mayberry, 52 N.J. 413, 436-437
(1968), cert. denied 393 U.S. 1043, (1969); State v. Graziani, 60 N.J. Super. 1, 13-14 (App. Div.
1959), aff'd o.b. 31 N.J. 538 (1960), cert. denied 363 U.S. 830 (1960); State v. Hubbs, 70 N.J.
Super. 322, 328-329 (App. Div. 1961); State v. Papitsas, 80 N.J. Super. 420, 424 (App. Div.
1963).
PRESUMPTION OF INNOCENCE
Jury charge
This defendant(s), as are all defendants in criminal cases, is presumed to be innocent until
proven guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. That presumption continues throughout the whole trial
of the case and even during your deliberations unless and until you have determined that the
State has proven (his/her) guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.
This defendant(s), as are all defendants in criminal cases, is presumed to be innocent until
proven guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. That presumption continues throughout the whole trial
of the case and even during your deliberations unless and until you have determined that the
State has proven (his/her) guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.
Saturday, April 07, 2007
Customer not guilty of shoplifting if billing dispute
State of New Jersey v. Adam Goodmann A-1447-05T1
The court held that a customer who, following a billing dispute with Walgreens regarding the cost of photo processing, takes the finished photographs without paying for them, but gives his name and address to the store manager, cannot be found guilty of shoplifting. Photo processing constitutes a service, and therefore, Walgreens was not acting as a "merchant" when it contracted to develop the customer's film. Further, the photographs that Walgreens produced were not "merchandise," because they lacked value to anyone other the customer and were not salable.
The court also held that a customer, engaged in a billing dispute, who left contact information so that the dispute could be settled, cannot be found to have "purposely" taken possession of the "merchandise" with the intention of converting the same to his own use without "paying to the merchant the full retail value thereof."
"Celebrating more than 21 years of providing excellent service to clients 1985-2007" Former Prosecutor
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Editor's Note and Disclaimer: All materials Copyright 2007. You may pass along the information on the NJ Laws Newsletter and website, provided the name and address of the Law Office is included.
KENNETH VERCAMMEN & ASSOCIATES, PC
ATTORNEY AT LAW
2053 Woodbridge Ave.
Edison, NJ 08817
(Phone) 732-572-0500
(Fax) 732-572-0030
website: www.njlaws.com
Admitted to practice law in New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, US Supreme Court and Federal District Court
The court held that a customer who, following a billing dispute with Walgreens regarding the cost of photo processing, takes the finished photographs without paying for them, but gives his name and address to the store manager, cannot be found guilty of shoplifting. Photo processing constitutes a service, and therefore, Walgreens was not acting as a "merchant" when it contracted to develop the customer's film. Further, the photographs that Walgreens produced were not "merchandise," because they lacked value to anyone other the customer and were not salable.
The court also held that a customer, engaged in a billing dispute, who left contact information so that the dispute could be settled, cannot be found to have "purposely" taken possession of the "merchandise" with the intention of converting the same to his own use without "paying to the merchant the full retail value thereof."
"Celebrating more than 21 years of providing excellent service to clients 1985-2007" Former Prosecutor
This newsletter is produced to be sent electronically. If you know someone who would also like to receive this email newsletter, please have them email us at newsletter@njlaws.com.
Free T- shirts and soda can holders available for all current and past clients. Please come into office.
Editor's Note and Disclaimer: All materials Copyright 2007. You may pass along the information on the NJ Laws Newsletter and website, provided the name and address of the Law Office is included.
KENNETH VERCAMMEN & ASSOCIATES, PC
ATTORNEY AT LAW
2053 Woodbridge Ave.
Edison, NJ 08817
(Phone) 732-572-0500
(Fax) 732-572-0030
website: www.njlaws.com
Admitted to practice law in New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, US Supreme Court and Federal District Court
Nurse may be required to testify in DWI
State of New Jersey v. Robert C. Renshaw A-0712-05T1
The Court that the admission in evidence of the Uniform Certification for Bodily Specimens Taken in a Medically Acceptable Manner, pursuant to N.J.S.A. 2A: 62A-11, without the opportunity for cross-examination of the nurse who drew the blood, and over the objection of defendant, runs afoul of the right of confrontation protected both by the United States and the New Jersey Constitutions.
"Celebrating more than 21 years of providing excellent service to clients 1985-2007" Former Prosecutor
This newsletter is produced to be sent electronically. If you know someone who would also like to receive this email newsletter, please have them email us at newsletter@njlaws.com.
Free T- shirts and soda can holders available for all current and past clients. Please come into office.
Editor's Note and Disclaimer: All materials Copyright 2007. You may pass along the information on the NJ Laws Newsletter and website, provided the name and address of the Law Office is included.
KENNETH VERCAMMEN & ASSOCIATES, PC
ATTORNEY AT LAW
2053 Woodbridge Ave.
Edison, NJ 08817
(Phone) 732-572-0500
(Fax) 732-572-0030
website: www.njlaws.com
Admitted to practice law in New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, US Supreme Court and Federal District Court
The Court that the admission in evidence of the Uniform Certification for Bodily Specimens Taken in a Medically Acceptable Manner, pursuant to N.J.S.A. 2A: 62A-11, without the opportunity for cross-examination of the nurse who drew the blood, and over the objection of defendant, runs afoul of the right of confrontation protected both by the United States and the New Jersey Constitutions.
"Celebrating more than 21 years of providing excellent service to clients 1985-2007" Former Prosecutor
This newsletter is produced to be sent electronically. If you know someone who would also like to receive this email newsletter, please have them email us at newsletter@njlaws.com.
Free T- shirts and soda can holders available for all current and past clients. Please come into office.
Editor's Note and Disclaimer: All materials Copyright 2007. You may pass along the information on the NJ Laws Newsletter and website, provided the name and address of the Law Office is included.
KENNETH VERCAMMEN & ASSOCIATES, PC
ATTORNEY AT LAW
2053 Woodbridge Ave.
Edison, NJ 08817
(Phone) 732-572-0500
(Fax) 732-572-0030
website: www.njlaws.com
Admitted to practice law in New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, US Supreme Court and Federal District Court
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