Conviction vacated on patronizing prostitute based on improper expert testimony
NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the
internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
DOCKET NO. A-4894-16T4
STATE OF NEW JERSEY,
Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
JOHN R. SALYERDS,
Defendant-Appellant.
____________________________
Argued January 8, 2019 – Decided February 8, 2019
Before Judges Accurso, Vernoia and Moynihan.
On appeal from Superior Court of New Jersey, Law
Division, Burlington County, Municipal Appeal No. 7-
17.
Robert C. Wolf argued the cause for appellant.
Alexis R. Agre, Assistant Prosecutor, argued the cause
for respondent (Scott A. Coffina, Burlington County
Prosecutor, attorney; Alexis R. Agre, of counsel and on
the brief).
PER CURIAM
Following a trial de novo in the Law Division, defendant John R. Salyerds
appeals from a June 6, 2017 order finding him guilty of engaging in prostitution
as a patron, N.J.S.A. 2C:34-1(b)(1). For the reasons that follow, we vacate
defendant's conviction and remand for further proceedings.
I.
On August 25, 2016, defendant was arrested in a Mount Laurel Township
motel room and charged with engaging in prostitution as a patron. Prior to the
commencement of his municipal court trial, defendant sought dismissal of the
charge because the police failed to preserve or otherwise destroyed what he
contended is exculpatory evidence. The State alleged his arrest resulted from a
Mount Laurel Police Department operation during which officers posted internet
ads soliciting individuals to call a phone number to arrange a meeting with a
prostitute. Defendant asserted the State had been deceitful and evasive in
responding to his requests for the ads during discovery and failed to provide the
ad the State alleged was posted on August 25, 2016, and to which defendant
purportedly responded in taking the actions leading to his arrest.
The State argued the ad offered a "$50 short stay special" and included a
phone number to arrange for it, but the State never produced the ad during
discovery. Defendant claimed production of the August 25, 2016 ad was critical
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2
to his defense and potentially exculpatory because the State intended to rely on
what the ad stated as evidence defendant engaged in prostitution as a patron.
Defense counsel explained his efforts to obtain the ad from the State
during discovery, detailed the State's responses and argued the State may have
acted in bad faith in failing to preserve and provide the August 25, 2016 ad.
Defendant argued the ad constituted exculpatory evidence under Brady v.
Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 87 (1963), and the State's destruction or loss of the ad
required dismissal of the charge.
During the pretrial argument on defendant's motion to dismiss the charge,
the municipal prosecutor represented that the Mount Laurel Police Department
conducted operations to catch individuals seeking prostitutes by placing internet
ads that "solicit[] individuals to come to [a] hotel for a specific purpose." The
prosecutor told the court that the police department continually posted ads, but
did not print the August 25, 2016 ad because "the detectives did not have access
to a printer." The prosecutor explained that the ads "fall off" the internet site
after a certain time and then cannot be retrieved. The prosecutor noted that when
the Mount Laurel Police Department attempted to retrieve ads two weeks after
defendant's arrest, they printed the ads they could locate but could not find "the
mysterious [August 25, 2016] posting which talks about a $50 sale." The
A-4894-16T4
3
prosecutor noted the State produced other posted ads "that are virtually
identical" to the missing ad, and asserted the missing ad was not critical because
a recording of defendant at the motel "is the crucial piece of evidence."
The municipal court judge denied the dismissal motion and the matter
proceeded to trial. The evidence showed that prior to arriving at the motel room
defendant called a telephone number that had been listed in various internet ads
placed by the Mount Laurel Police Department.1 The ads were posted as part of
a police operation intended to solicit individuals to come to a motel to meet a
female undercover detective posing as a prostitute. A detective testified the ads
solicited "sexual activities," but there was no evidence about the specific content
of any of the ads and the municipal court judge barred testimony concerning the
content of the August 25, 2016 ad to which the State alleged defendant
responded the day he was arrested.
The evidence further showed defendant made a telephone call, spoke to a
female undercover detective, asked for the "$50 special"2 and made
1
There is no evidence showing the dates the various ads were posted on the
internet.
2
The female undercover detective did not testify at trial. It was stipulated that
defendant "asked for the $50 special" during his telephone conversation with the
detective.
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4
arrangements to meet the detective at a motel room. Shortly after the phone call
ended, defendant arrived at the motel room and was greeted by the undercover
detective. An audio recording of the motel room encounter reveals defendant
said he was there for the "short stay special."3 The detective invited defendant
into the room, and told him to have a seat and "put the money on the table" while
she went into the bathroom "to freshen up."
Seconds later, other detectives entered the room and arrested defendant.
Defendant said he did not do anything and there was "no touching." The
detectives recovered $50 on a table. The money was not on the table prior to
defendant's entry into the room.
During the trial, the municipal prosecutor asked a detective who
participated in the operation, "What is the short stay special?" Defendant
objected, arguing the question called for expert testimony and that the detective
had neither been designated nor qualified as an expert. The court overruled the
objection, finding the question did not call for expert testimony and required
only that the detective testify as to his understanding of the term.
3
The recording is not included in the record on appeal. We discern the content
of the recording from the briefs of the parties and note the parties do not dispute
the undercover detective and defendant made the statements quoted in this
opinion.
A-4894-16T4
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The detective testified a "short stay special" is "an agreement between two
people to engage in an act of prostitution under circumstances where they agree
to the act and the amount itself." The detective arrived at that understanding of
the term "based on [his] training and experience as a detective." He further
testified he could not "recall [the term] being a . . . common term."
The municipal court judge found defendant guilty of engaging in
prostitution as a patron. During the trial de novo on defendant's appeal of his
conviction, the Law Division judge noted that the ad the State asserted was
involved in defendant's alleged solicitation of the undercover detective was not
produced in discovery and that defendant claimed the charge should be
dismissed on that basis. The court rejected defendant's contention that the
destruction or failure to preserve the ad constituted a Brady violation. The court
found it highly unlikely the ad was exculpatory because the testimony showed
the general nature of the police department's ads, and the August 25, 2016 ad
"was more inculpatory than anything."
Addressing the merits of the State's case, the judge found the Mount
Laurel Police Department "placed an online advertisement, a series of them as a
matter of fact, one of which offered services for $50 under what was known as
a short-stay special." Based on his review of the audio recording of defendant
A-4894-16T4
6
at the motel room, the judge found defendant told the undercover detective he
"wanted the short-stay special" and entered the room. The judge further found
the detective told defendant to take a seat and put the money on the table while
the detective went into the bathroom. The judge found defendant was arrested
by other detectives who entered the room, and said he did not do anything and
there was "no touching." An officer asked defendant what the money on the
table was for and defendant said, "it's money, money for time."
The judge found the detective's testimony concerning the meaning of
"short-stay special" constituted an admissible lay opinion which was supported
by an adequate foundation. The judge noted the opinion was based on the
detective's prior experience in similar operations. The judge also found the term
"was used in the original ad that was posted for the services which the defendant
hoped to buy for $50, short-stay special." The judge reviewed the detective's
testimony that, based on the detective's experience, he understood the term
described "an agreement between two people to engage in an act of prostitution."
The court further noted that during the telephone call prior to his arrival
at the motel, defendant asked for the "[fifty]-dollar special," and defendant
placed the $50 found on the table because there was no money on the table
before defendant entered the room. The court found the State's witnesses were
A-4894-16T4
7
credible and the evidence established beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant
was guilty of engaging in prostitution as a patron. This appeal followed.
On appeal, defendant makes the following arguments:
POINT ONE
THE COURT FAILED TO ADDRESS THE BAD
FAITH OF THE PROSECUTOR WHO LIED ABOUT
THE EXISTENCE OF MATERIAL EVIDENCE[.]
POINT TWO
THE TESTIMONY OF OFFICER RYAN ORANGE
REGARDING THE TERM "SHORT STAY" WAS
EXPERT TESTIMONY THAT SHOULD NOT HAVE
BEEN ADMITTED, AND IN THE ALTERNATIVE,
IT COULD NOT HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED LAY
TESTIMONY TO COMMON STREET SLANG, AS
THE OFFICER TESTIFIED THAT IT WAS NOT A
COMMON TERM.
[A]. EXPERT TESTIMONY
B. LAY OPINION TESTIMONY REGARDING
STREET SLANG
II.
On an appeal taken from the Law Division's final decision after a trial de
novo, "[o]ur review is limited to determining whether there is sufficient credible
evidence present in the record to support the findings of the Law Division judge,
not the municipal court." State v. Clarksburg Inn, 375 N.J. Super. 624, 639
A-4894-16T4
8
(App. Div. 2005). This requires "'consideration of the proofs as a whole,' and
not merely those offered by the defendant." State v. Kuropchak, 221 N.J. 368,
383 (2015) (quoting State v. Johnson, 42 N.J. 146, 162 (1964)). "Any error or
omission shall be disregarded by the appellate court unless it is of such a nature
as to have been clearly capable of producing an unjust result[.]" Ibid. (alteration
in original) (quoting R. 2:10-2). We review the Law Division's interpretation of
the law de novo without according any special deference to the court's
interpretation of "the legal consequences that flow from established facts."
Manalapan Realty, L.P. v. Twp. Comm. of Manalapan, 140 N.J. 366, 378 (1995).
Defendant first contends the Law Division judge erred by denying his
motion to dismiss the charge based on the State's purported Brady violation.
Defendant argues the police department's destruction of or failure to preserve
the August 25, 2016 ad constituted the suppression of exculpatory evidence that
requires dismissal of the charge. Defendant further argues that even if the ad
was only probably exculpatory, dismissal is required because the State acted in
bad faith by either destroying or failing to preserve the ad.
"A prosecutor's obligation to 'turn over material, exculpatory evidence to the
defendant' is well established . . . ." State v. Nash, 212 N.J. 518, 544 (2013) (quoting
State v. Morton, 155 N.J. 383, 413 (1998)). "A breach of this duty of disclosure—
A-4894-16T4
9
in appropriate circumstances—violates a defendant's due process rights." Ibid.
(citing Brady, 373 U.S. at 87).
A Brady violation occurs when the prosecution suppresses evidence that is
material and favorable to the defense. State v. Martini, 160 N.J. 248, 268 (1999).
"[T]o establish a Brady violation, defendant must show that: (1) the prosecution
suppressed evidence; (2) the evidence is favorable to the defense; and (3) the
evidence is material[.]" State v. Nelson, 330 N.J. Super. 206, 212 (App. Div. 2000)
(citing Martini, 160 N.J. at 268). "Evidence is material 'if there is a reasonable
probability that, had the evidence been disclosed to the defense, the result of the
proceeding would have been different.'" State v. Robertson, 438 N.J. Super. 47, 67
(App. Div. 2014) (quoting State v. Knight, 145 N.J. 233, 246 (1996)), aff'd on other
grounds, 228 N.J. 138 (2017).
"It is only the suppression of exculpatory evidence that violates due process
'irrespective of the good faith or bad faith of the prosecution.'" George v. City of
Newark, 384 N.J. Super. 232, 243 (App. Div. 2006) (quoting Brady, 373 U.S. at 87).
Where, as here, the evidence "is no longer available, to establish a due process
violation a defendant may show that the evidence had 'an exculpatory value that
was apparent before [it] was destroyed' and that 'the defendant would be unable
to obtain comparable evidence by other reasonably available means.'" State v.
A-4894-16T4
10
Mustaro, 411 N.J. Super. 91, 102 (App. Div. 2009) (alteration in original)
(quoting California v. Trombetta, 467 U.S. 479, 489 (1984)).
If the value of the evidence is unknown and "the defendant cannot establish
that the now lost evidence had 'apparent' exculpatory value and can show only that
the evidence was 'potentially' useful or exculpatory, then the defendant can show a
due process violation by establishing that the evidence was destroyed in bad faith."
Id. at 103 (citation omitted).
Here, defendant makes no showing the August 25, 2016 ad was either
favorable or material. See Nelson, 330 N.J. Super. at 212. Although the witnesses
were barred from testifying about the ad's contents, the testimony established the ad
was presented in a series of advertisements during the police department's operations
designed to solicit phone calls to a designated number from individuals seeking a
prostitute. There is nothing in the evidence to suggest the August 25, 2016 ad was
in any manner different than the other ads, some of which were produced during
discovery. Thus, the court's finding the missing ad was more likely inculpable is
supported by the record, and the record is otherwise bereft of evidence showing the
missing ad is exculpatory under the Brady standard. See Robertson, 438 N.J. Super.
at 67.
A-4894-16T4
11
Defendant argues the evidence was potentially useful and therefore should
have been excluded because the State acted in bad faith. See Mustaro, 411 N.J.
Super. at 103; see also State v. Hollander, 201 N.J. Super. 453, 479 (App. Div. 1985)
(finding that where a court is asked to dismiss charges because evidence is destroyed,
it must in part consider "whether there was bad faith or connivance on the part of the
government"). "Without bad faith on the part of the State, 'failure to preserve
potentially useful evidence does not constitute a denial of due process of law.'"
George, 384 N.J. Super. at 243 (quoting Arizona v. Youngblood, 488 U.S. 51, 58
(1988)).
We reject the State's contention that we should not address defendant's
argument that the State acted in bad faith because the claim was not asserted before
the Law Division. See generally State v. Robinson, 200 N.J. 1, 19-20 (2009)
(explaining that appellate courts may decline to address issues that are not presented
to the trial court). Defendant argued in the municipal court that the charge should
be dismissed because the State destroyed or failed to preserve the August 25, 2016
ad in bad faith and renewed his motion for a dismissal, albeit without expressly
mentioning the State's alleged bad faith, during the trial de novo in the Law Division.
In our view, a fair reading of defendant's Law Division arguments reflects defendant
A-4894-16T4
12
reprised his claim the State destroyed or failed to preserve the missing ad in bad
faith. We therefore address the merits of defendant's contention.
Our review of the record reveals no evidence supporting even a suggestion
that the State's destruction or failure to maintain the ad was the product of bad faith.
Defendant argues bad faith is established because the municipal prosecutor provided
inconsistent and conflicting responses to defendant's requests for the ad. The
prosecutor's responses, however, do not support a finding that the State acted in bad
faith by destroying or failing to preserve the August 25, 2016 ad. At worst, they
demonstrate only that the municipal prosecutor was misinformed about the existence
of the ad or exhibited a lack of candor in providing responses about its existence.
In any event, under the circumstances presented here, in assessing defendant's
dismissal motion, the relevant inquiry was whether the State acted in bad faith by
destroying or failing to preserve the ad, not whether the prosecutor accurately
informed defendant about its existence. See Youngblood, 488 U.S. at 57-58 (1988)
(holding that "unless a . . . defendant can show bad faith on the part of the [State]"
in destroying or losing the evidence, "failure to preserve potentially useful evidence
does not constitute a denial of due process of law"). Defendant points to no evidence
the State acted in bad faith by destroying or failing to preserve the evidence. Instead,
it was represented to the court that the August 25, 2016 ad was not copied because
A-4894-16T4
13
the police had no printer readily available on the day the ad was posted. There is
also no showing the State destroyed the ad. The ad was lost due to the operation of
the internet site on which it was posted, and not the result of any actions by the
police. Indeed, despite the police department's efforts, the ad could not be retrieved
later because the ads "fall off" the internet site after a period of time. In sum, the
Law Division judge correctly denied the dismissal motion because the record is
barren of any evidence showing the loss or destruction of the ad was the result of
any bad faith of the State.
Defendant next contends the court erred by relying on the detective's
testimony that the phrase "short stay special" means "an agreement between two
people to engage in an act of prostitution under circumstances where they agree
to the act and the amount itself." Defendant argues the testimony constituted an
inadmissible expert opinion because the detective was not qualified as an expert
and defendant was not provided with information concerning the putative expert
and his proposed testimony prior to trial as required by Rule 3:13-3(b). 4 The
4
In pertinent part, Rule 3:13-3(b)(1)(I) requires that the State provide as
pretrial discovery the:
names and addresses of each person whom the
prosecutor expects to call to trial as an expert witness,
the expert's qualifications, the subject matter on which
A-4894-16T4
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State contends the detective's testimony was properly admitted as a permissible
lay opinion.
The Law Division judge determined the detective's testimony was
admissible as a lay opinion under Rule 701. See N.J.R.E. 701. The court noted
the detective provided "some foundation" for his testimony based on his
"training and experience as a detective," and found "[t]he term was testified to
by [the detective] as being used in the original ad that was posted for the services
which defendant hoped to buy for $50, short-stay special."
"The necessity for, or propriety of, the admission of expert testimony, and
the competence of such testimony, are judgments within the discretion of the
trial court." State v. Zola, 112 N.J. 384, 414 (1988). We therefore "apply a
deferential standard of review to [a] trial court's evidentiary rulings." State v.
Hyman, 451 N.J. Super. 429, 441 (App. Div. 2017), certif. denied, 232 N.J. 301
the expert is expected to testify, a copy of the report, if
any, of such expert witness, or if no report is prepared,
a statement of the facts and opinions to which the expert
is expected to testify and a summary of the grounds for
each opinion . . . [I]f this information is not furnished
[thirty] days in advance of trial, the expert witness may,
upon application by the defendant, be barred from
testifying.
[R. 3:13-3(b)(1)(I).]
A-4894-16T4
15
(2018). Where "the trial court applies the wrong legal test when analyzing
admissibility, we review the issue de novo." Ibid.
The parties do not dispute that opinion testimony concerning the meaning
of "short stay special" was required because it "assist[ed] the [court] in
performing its [fact-finding] function," State v. McLean, 205 N.J. 438, 456
(2011), and the court was not "as competent as [the detective] to form a
conclusion" concerning the phrase's meaning, id. at 459 (quoting Brindley v.
Fireman's Ins. Co., 35 N.J. Super. 1, 8 (App. Div. 1955)). Thus, the admissibility
of the detective's opinion turns on whether he offered expert or lay testimony.
Lay opinion testimony "must 'rest[] on the acquisition of knowledge
through use of one's sense of touch, taste, sight, smell or hearing.'" Hyman, 451 N.J. Super. at 442 (alteration in original) (quoting McLean, 205 N.J. at 457); see
also N.J.R.E. 701 (providing that lay witness testimony may be admitted "if
it . . . is rationally based on the perception of the witness"). "[U]nlike expert
opinions, lay opinion testimony is limited to what was directly perceived by the
witness and may not rest on otherwise inadmissible hearsay." McLean, 205 N.J.
at 460.
In contrast, "expert testimony depends on a witness's 'specialized
knowledge' to address matters outside a juror's understanding." Hyman, 451
A-4894-16T4
16 N.J. Super. at 443; see also N.J.R.E. 702. Admission of expert testimony
requires that "(1) the intended testimony must concern a subject matter that is
beyond the ken of the average juror; (2) the field testified to must be at a state
of the art such that an expert's testimony could be sufficiently reliable; and (3)
the witness must have sufficient expertise to offer the intended testimony."
Hyman, 451 N.J. Super. at 443-44 (quoting State v. Kelly, 97 N.J. 178, 208
(1984)). Thus, "a question that refer[s] to [an] officer's training, education and
experience, in actuality call[s] for an impermissible expert opinion." Id. at 444
(quoting McLean, 205 N.J. at 463).
In Hyman we determined that a detective's testimony about the meaning
of "certain drug-related jargon," id. at 438, constituted expert, and not lay,
opinion testimony because "[t]he basis of his opinion . . . was his training,
education and experience—not his 'own senses,' perceptions and observations,"
id. at 448-49. We explained the detective had not conversed with the defendant
when the jargon was used and, although his "knowledge of [the] investigation"
included "familiarity with . . . wiretapped conversations," his testimony "did not
become a lay opinion because he heard the wiretaps . . . any more than a non-
treating physician's diagnosis becomes a lay opinion because the physician's
own hands were used to conduct an independent medical examination." Id. at
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449 (first alteration in original). Moreover, we noted that "[a] witness may not
offer a lay opinion that a person must have been talking about drugs simply
because he is personally aware of evidence the person was dealing drugs." Ibid.
Here, the court abused its discretion by failing to apply the appropriate
legal standard in determining the admissibility of the detective's testimony about
the meaning of the term "short stay special." See McLean, 205 N.J. at 464
(finding a court abuses its discretion by applying the wrong legal standard for
the admission of testimony). The testimony was not "firmly rooted in the
[detective's] personal observations and perceptions," id. at 459, or on any
interactions with defendant and, therefore, did not constitute an admissible lay
opinion, Hyman, 451 N.J. Super. at 448-49; cf. State v. Johnson, 309 N.J. Super.
237, 262-63 (App. Div. 1998) (holding a witness's testimony about the meaning
of a term used by the defendant was admissible lay opinion in part because the
witness participated in the conversation during which the term was used and
explained only his understanding of the term). As the detective explained, his
understanding of the term and his opinion about its meaning were based on his
training and experience. His testimony therefore constituted a putative expert
opinion, which was inadmissible because the State failed to identify the
detective as an expert witness prior to trial, see R. 3:13-(b)(1)(I), and the
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detective was never qualified as an expert, see Kelly, 97 N.J. at 211 (holding
that a putative expert witness must first be qualified by the court as an expert
prior to offering an expert opinion). The court erred by finding otherwise.
We also observe that the court's reliance on the detective's opinion
testimony was misplaced for another reason. In its decision, the court
determined there was a foundation for the detective's testimony about the
meaning of "short stay special" because the detective also testified the term was
"used in the original ad that was posted for the services which the defendant
hoped to buy for $50, short-stay special." This finding is bereft of support in
the record. The detective never provided such testimony. To the contrary, the
detective's testimony concerning the meaning of the term "short stay special" is
untethered to any evidence it was used in the August 25, 2016 ad because the
court barred any testimony concerning what the ad said.
Defendant objected to the detective's testimony concerning the meaning
of the term "short stay special," and we determine whether its admission
constitutes harmless error. R. 2:10-2. "The harmless error standard . . . requires
that there be 'some degree of possibility that [the error] led to an unjust [verdict].
The possibility must be real, one sufficient to raise a reasonable doubt as to whether
[it] led the [fact finder] to a verdict it otherwise might not have reached.'" State v.
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19
R.B., 183 N.J. 308, 330 (2005) (second and fourth alterations in original) (citation
omitted).
Based on our review of the record, we are convinced the court's error in
admitting the detective's expert opinion testimony raises a reasonable doubt as
to whether the court, acting as the fact finder, rendered a verdict it otherwise
might not have reached. The meaning of the term "short stay special" is the
fulcrum upon which the State's case against defendant turns. There is no
evidence defendant asked for a prostitute or solicited sex during the phone call
or his brief interaction with the undercover detective at the motel. He requested
only the "short stay special." The court barred any testimony concerning the
content of the ad, which may or may not have included the term "short stay
special" or linked the use of the term to the procurement of a prostitute.
The State's case was based in great part on what defendant intended when
he asked for the "short stay special" and announced he was at the motel room
for the "short stay special." The State relied on the detective's testimony to
define the term and the court utilized the testimony, as well as its unsupported
finding the detective testified about the August 25, 2016 ad's contents, to
conclude defendant's use of the term constituted a solicitation of a prostitute.
Without the detective's testimony and any showing of the ad's contents, the
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State's case is clearly different and more difficult.5 The record is otherwise
devoid of any direct proof concerning the term's meaning and defendant's
intentions must be gleaned from all of the other attendant circumstances. As a
result, we are convinced admission of the detective's opinion was clearly capable
of producing an unjust result and requires a new trial de novo in the Law
Division.
We vacate defendant's conviction and remand to the Law Division to
conduct a trial de novo on the record before the municipal court, but without
consideration of the detective's opinion testimony concerning the meaning of
"short stay special."6 Because the judge who conducted the trial de novo from
5
Our observation that the State's case is "more difficult" without the detective's
opinion testimony and evidence showing the ad's contents is not an expression
of an opinion or finding on defendant's guilt or innocence. It is only a
recognition the State's case would be more clearly established if it presented
competent evidence establishing the meaning of the term "short stay special"
and had produced an ad stating in some manner that a "short stay special" related
to the procurement of a prostitute. We express no opinion as to whether the
admissible evidence establishes defendant committed the offense charged
beyond a reasonable doubt. That decision shall be made by the court, acting as
a fact-finder, during the trial de novo on remand. Our decision suggests nothing
to the contrary.
6
We also caution the remand court to ignore the municipal judge's statements
concerning his knowledge of other similar operations conducted by the Mount
Laurel Police Department. See Wallington Home Owners Ass'n v. Borough of
Wallington, 130 N.J. Super. 461, 465 (App. Div.) ("A judge's private knowledge
A-4894-16T4
21
which this appeal was taken has made credibility determinations, and our
remand requires new findings of fact, we are constrained to require the trial be
held before a different judge on remand.
Vacated and remanded for further proceedings consistent with this
opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction.
is entitled to no weight at all."), aff'd o.b., 66 N.J. 30 (1974); Amadeo v.
Amadeo, 64 N.J. Super. 417, 424 (App. Div. 1960) (finding "[a] judge's private
knowledge is no substitute for required proof" and "is entitled to no weight" in
making factual determinations).
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